Transformation of the Indian Armed Force

Transformation of the Indian Armed Forces

BY | Lt Gen Sunil Srivastava (Retd)

Abstract. Actions of a deceitful and recalcitrant Pakistan, and repeated coercive military posturing of an assertive China, saw deterrence nearly fail recently.  With China riding high on the IT-Cyber led RMA, amidst growing strategic uncertainty, episodic crises loom large. The only option to deter both adversaries by denying gains, imposing costs or incentivising restraint, is for the Indian Armed Forces to accelerate the pace of its military transformation by leveraging disruptive technologies and injecting Jointness through joint C4I2SR, targeting, air defence and logistics, concurrent with critical modernisation goals, underpinned by realistic budgetary support and “Atmanirbhar” Military-Industrial ecosystem.    

The Context- Nearly Failed Deterrence

Since independence, Pakistan was accorded primacy as an adversary, given her obsessive resolve to resolve the Kashmir issue by prosecuting wars- conventional or proxy, till the Kargil (1999) misadventure. Concurrently, the “peace” ushered by the slew of agreements since 1993 post the rapprochement in 1987, started turning into a “disquiet” over the last 10-15 years, with growing Chinese stridency on the LAC. The shaky mutual trust, dented at Doklam (2017), was shattered in May 2020 by China’s salami slicingin Eastern Ladakh. India’s two front, worst case spectre, is now a reality, with a “tripwire LC” and a “tense LAC”, concurrent with PLA Navy’s growing presence in the IOR. China is ring-fencing India with its “string of pearls strategy”. China perceives India as a long term threat to her interests and aims to narrow India’s strategic options, keeping India unhinged by orchestrating new security challenges in her neighbourhood.China’s growing strategic nexus with Pakistan, her revisionist agenda, India’s steadfast support for Bhutan, infrastructure development in the border areas, India’s Tibet connection, participation in the “Quad”, domestic sentiment in India against China post the COVID-19 pandemic, India’s pushback against BRI and RCEP and India’s outreach under SAGAR are friction points which have the potential to precipitate a crisis. China envisions a “unipolar Asia”, and is arguably India’s “primary adversary”. The Indo-China relationship has been reset, with India’s External Affairs Minister outlining eight principles and three mutuals.

The Collusive Threat and Fragile Deterrence

Post the Eastern Ladakh crisis, the security dimension of Sino-Pakistan relationship, has regained primacy, emboldening Pakistan. General Bipin Rawat, the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS), has acknowledged this collusive threat. Both China and Pakistan practice strategies to keep the provocations within the “grey zone” between peace and conflict. However, at both Balakot and Galwan, conventional deterrence nearly broke down. Unrelenting competition in an environment of strategic uncertainty, punctuated with episodic crises, fraught with the possibility of precipitating limited conflicts, is the new security paradigm in South Asia. The moot question is, how should India’s military instrument of power transform to secure winning outcomes in the competition and crises without crossing the conflict threshold, deter a two front collusive conflict contingency and fight to win by securing political objectives, should deterrence fail?

To devise a military transformation strategy, we need to examine how will the PLA fight.

PLA – Informationised & Intelligentised Joint Operations

“Military mechanisation and informatisation by 2020”, the first step of military modernisation articulated in 1997, was reported completed in 2020. Xi Jinping implemented major reforms in 2015-16, restructuring Regional Military Commands into Theatre Commands, renaming the Second Artillery Force as the Rocket Force and upgrading it as a full Service, creating a Joint Logistics Support Force and a Strategic Support Force (SSF). The PLA started graduating from combined arms operations to joint operations in 1999. Analysts opine that force modernisation of Russia and China bear similarities. Analysts have concluded that the Russian thought process is a complex mixture of vision, deception, deterrence, outright power, innovative thought, and development of alternate realities, for specific situations. Deception includes reflexive control operations and deterrence measures accomplished through legal, information, demonstration, or other means to contain or scare opponents. Innovation is apparent in new applications of military art and the use of disorganization of an opponent’s information and C2 capabilities.

In March 2021, Xi Jinping split the “modernisation” goal (2035), to achieve the 2027 PLA Centennial Goal, to accelerate mechanisation, informatisation and intelligentisation ie integration of AI and related technologies.

The most significant change is SSF (Space, Cyber & EW), which targets the cognitive domain, reflecting the recognition of information as a strategic resource. This is aligned with the PLA doctrine of the “three non” warfares: non-contact, non-linear and non-symmetric warfares.PLA also advocates political warfare, which includes public-opinion, psychological and legal warfares, to undermine the enemy’s will and morale.

The other significant evolutionary change is the robustly networked sensor and shooter technologies to support “stand-off” war fighting. The US DIA has graded PLA’s core strengths as long-range precision strike and information warfare, but flagged rigid command structure and joint warfare as keyvulnerabilities.

Three interlinked operational concepts underpin the doctrine and establish principles by which the PLA will seek to accomplish its given missions when it is “fully modernized” (2035)-(1) War control (and, therefore, campaign success) depends on information dominance; (2) combat space is shrinking, but war space has expanded; and (3) target-centric warfare provides the means to defeat an adversary’s operational system. Future conflicts will see attempts to win with minimum “force on force” combat, by targeting the cognitive domain. The next 10-15 years of the PLA’s modernisation are deemed crucial.

Transformation- The Import

Transformation means to “change the form, into something different”.  Transformation ushers a profound change in the way of fighting and organisation culture to gain a relative advantage. It is accompanied by transformative changes in technology, organisation structures, doctrines, people and processes. It is driven by necessity (technology and adversary) and opportunity (stability and growth).

Revolutions in Military Affairs (RMA) are periodic major changes in the character of warfare and enhance effectiveness manifold. The sixth, IT-Cyber led RMA is ongoing since the 1980s. Transformation is in reaction to, or in anticipation of, an RMA. Effects based operations (EBO), attacking the enemy’s will to fight, not the mass, and Network-Centric Warfare (NCW) underpin the ongoing RMA. NCW generates increased combat power by networking sensors, decision makers and shooters, across domains, to achieve shared awareness, speed of decisions, greater lethality and a high tempo of operations.

A Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is IT-Cyber led, is building on the Third (digital) revolution. 4IR technologies are best harnessed when they are fused together and is characterised by a blurring of the lines between the physical (land, sea, air, space), digital (cyber & information) and biological (human/cognitive) spheres. These technologies include artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, IoT, autonomous systems, additive printing, biotechnology, materials, cognition, hypersonics and quantum computing. The Multi-domain Operations (MDO) concept has evolved from of the combined arms joint doctrine, and spans all domains described here.

The pursuit of stand-off capabilities by PLA is a reflection of Bartosiak’s conclusion that the most important capability will be the ability to maintain own reconnaissance-strike system, while turning off the enemy’s.The US has, therefore, embarked on the “third offset” strategy to maintain its was fighting advantage. Russia has also exploited 4IR technologies by combining these with advanced pre-4IR systems.

4IR technologies have empowered non-state entities and states that pursue hybrid warfare like Hezbollah’s 13 principles of war against Israel.

Transformation of Indian Armed Forces- A Necessity and an Opportunity

China is on course to achieve her modernisation goals by 2035. 4IR technologies have changed the character of warfare, as demonstrated in Crimea, Syria, Ukraine, Nagorno-Karabakh and Gaza. Our Forces have no choice but to transform. The priority for transformation is clearly Jointness across key war fighting functions and modernisation with 4IR technologies.

CDS- Jointness and Transformation Mandate. The CCS has mandated that the CDS will bring about jointness in operations, logistics, training, communications and maintenance, within three years (end 2022). The mandate of the DMA included, inter alia, establishment of joint TCs. The CDS, has emphasised that transformation is a prerequisite to stay relevant.

Transformation- Macro Determinants

• Budgetary Commitment and Military Industrial Complex. It is imperative that the transformation priorities are resource informed and leverage indigenisation, especially post COVID-19. The transformation process, therefore, is likely to exceed a decade.
• Force Structure & Design. These will be governed by the Political direction on use of force as an instrument of deterrence and securing strategic goals through all instruments of power.  Political acceptance of “ways” of deterrence- attrition vs manoeuvre will dictate the “quantitative” scope of the transformation.

Transformation Strategy- Foundational Principles

The transformation strategy, aligned with the National Security Objectives, should be guided by few foundational principles-

• Owned by the Political leadership with assured budgetary support. The non-lapsable fund recommended by the 15th Financial Commission be leveraged.
• A 10 year capability development (CD) roadmap, with tri-service priorities to be promulgated by the CDS and implemented by the Services, through five year CD plans  and two year roll-on plans.
• Transformation strategy to accord due salience to capabilities in the information and cognitive domains.
• “Domain Ownership” to give way to “Joint domain complementarity” between Services.
• Adaptable 4IR technologies be developed in mission mode. Private industry strengths be leveraged.

Transformation for MDO- The Lines of Effort

To transform for MDO (4IR), the following lines of effort are critical-

• Networked and survivable Joint C4I2SR systems and weapons, to gain information and decision dominance (faster OODA cycle), enhancing tempo of operations and leveraging surprise.
• Persistent multi-agency surveillance of critical segments of disputed boundaries and real time sharing of intelligence.
• Long range, precise and lethal stand-off engagement capabilities.
• Robust cyber, EW and Information warfare capabilities.
• Joint Air Defence.
•  Jointness in logistics.

Transformation- A Non-Starter sans Joint NCW  

Jointness in war fighting is not feasible without Joint communications, Joint C2, Joint ISR, Joint targeting and Joint Logistics. The Indian military’s aversion to jointness has drawn wide criticism.

Joint C4I2SR – The Alpha and Omega

The following capabilities are a sine qua non –

• The DCN (Tri-Service Voice, Video, Data Network) be exploited for joint C2, operations, intelligence and logistics. NFS needs to be expedited.
• All three Services static networks (AFNET, NEWN and ASCON) are robust, but are Service-centric. Integration needs to be done post haste, based on functional requirements.
•  The Three Services have independent C2 and Decision Support Systems. IACCS of the Airforce is very robust. The Navy operates NC3I with IMAC for disaster management and has a very robust MDA architecture through Trigun. The Army has ACCCS for ground fires and BSS for shared surveillance. These need to be integrated.
• For Joint AD, IACCS, gets the feed from radars countrywide. Its extension to ground forces, the last mile, be expedited. 
• The GIS of the three Services should be made interoperable and a cloud based database be created.
• ISTAR needs to be progressed as a joint tri-service project.
• There is need for a tri-service Joint tactical radio communication system. Each Service is developing service specific Software Defined Radio (SDR). A tri-Service SDR (HF/UHF /VHF), with the appropriate link standard needs to be progressed.

Theatre Commands (TCs)- “Graduated” Approach

The structure and functions of TCs are being evolved. The Joint Air Defence Command and the Maritime Commands could be created by 2021, and the rollout of continental TCs could commence in 2022.As the TCs evolve, there would be a role reversal in responsibilities for operations. Presently the Service Chiefs will continue to be responsible operationally. After the model matures (7-8 years), the CDS could assume the operational responsibility while equipping, training and logistics will become the responsibility of the Service Chiefs. The COAS has also opined that thefruition of TCs will take a number of years. Apprehensions have been voiced that TCs might perpetuate the dominance of the army. These apprehensions emanate from the tensions inherent in dedicated allocation of critical resources like fighter assets to a TC, losing flexibility. A “Graduated” approach could offer a solution. The operational TCs could be grouped with additional tri-service assets, as required for a given operational task or contingency, which could build up during the “crisis stage”. Periodical joint exercises under the TCs would leverage affiliations, supplemented by training under the “provider Service”. This could be reviewed based on the experience gained.

Logistic Management and Sustenance

All three Services have robust inventory management systems. The Navy has the ILMS/ SLMS, the Air Force has IMMOLS and e-MMS, and the Army has CICP (Under completion). While the inventories are varied and large, there is significant commonality. There is a need to engineer integration of the three. The three Joint Logistic Nodes set up in 2020 should provide the start point.

A More Joint Acquisition Process

The three Services have robust structures for the acquisition process, which needs to be replicated at HQ IDS, to ensurerightful ownership for tri-Service projects. The following approach should be followed:-

• All single Service requirements must be examined from a tri-service perspective and the desired interoperability and compatibility be specifically included in QRs.
• The CDS must get the 10 year ICDP approved and implement the Five Year DCAP and the two-year roll-on (AAP). The DAC must honour the priorities accorded by the CDS, adhering to the yearly budgetary allotment.
• The CCS should be apprised of the progress of Joint capability development every six months.

Transformation Driven by Technology

Recent asymmetric conflicts in Afghanistan, Ukraine, Syria and Gaza have demonstrated the advantages of 4IR technologies. However, asymmetry in outcomes diminishes against a near peer opponent. Indian forces, still pursuing second offset technologies (C4ISR and precision targeting), may not deter China, which is implementing the third offset (4IR) technologies Parity must be sought.

The 4IR technologies to be accorded priority are:-

• Artificial Intelligence (Robotics, ISR, Maintenance, Cyber, C2, Autonomous vehicles, swarming, Loyal Wingman, counter-deep fakes). HAL project “ALFA-S”, a “loyal wingman” should be expedited. Idea Forge has already developed SWITCH UAV and more of these should be fielded.
• Hypersonic Weapons (Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV), demonstrated by DRDO in Sep 2020, should be operationalised early).
• Directed Energy Weapons (ASAT, SHORAD, Counter UAV and Microwave).
• Biotechnology (Adaptive Camouflage, self Healing body and vehicle armour, medicine, diagnostics).
• Quantum Technology (Communications- already demonstrated by DRDO, encryption, stealth, radar, sensing)

Modernisation Priorities

• Air Defence. The impending delivery of Triumf (S-400), already fielded indigenous SAM (Akash), ARM (Rudram) and MRSAM, and under development QRSAM will render the AD environment very potent, India’s own A2AD.
• Night War Fighting and Anti Tank Capability.  Third generation Thermal/ Image Intensification NVDs, Nag, Dhruvastra (Helicopter based), laser guided ATGM (4th and 5th Generation), the SANT extended range aircraft based anti-tank missile and MPATGM (Man portable) need operationalisation.
• Missiles and BMD. Operationalisation of BrahMos-2 and Shaurya with a 750-1,000 km range should be expedited. Indigenous BMD and the proposed National Advanced Surface to Air Missile System (NASAMS) should be prioritised. In view of the long range conventional ballistic missile capabilities of our adversaries, Pranash (200 km) should be operationalised, to ensure the desired proportionality and reciprocity.
• Smart and Intelligent Munitions. The Fast Track Procurement (FTP) has been extensively utilised in the recent past to procure smart munitions like SPICE-2000, Derby-ER missiles, Spike ATGM for LCH, SPYDER AD missiles, HAMMER PGMs, MICA AAM andExcalibur rounds for 155 mm M777 howitzers. These critical requirements should be indigenised on priority.
• Air Domain. Pending the operationalisation of AMCA (10 years), voids should be addressed on priority by inducting additional MMRCA, upgradation of MiG-29, AEW&C, Refuellers, Heron-TP armed drones and Ghatak Combat drone should be expedited. Intelligence Surveillance Targeting and Reconnaissance (ISTAR) under acquisition from the US, should be fast-tracked. This system, which provides a COP for targets on ground as well, should be a Joint Tri-Service Project, for optimal multi-domain exploitation.
• Maritime Domain.  The debate over the third Air Craft Carrier and six SSNs needs to be settled earliest. Pending the realisation of P75 (I) project, critical capability voids in the submarine fleet be addressed.  Mine counter measure vessels, Fleet Support Ships, NUH, NMRH, AEW Helicopters, ship basedUAVs and LPDs are a priority.

Defence R&D and Innovation

Innovation for Defence Excellence (iDEX) is seeing the the Army, Navy and the Air Force developing about 10 projects each. Idea Forge demonstrated “swarm” drones in Jan 2021 within months. However, projects in critical joint functional areas like communications and imagery, presently being progressed individually by the Services, should be taken up as joint projects.

Doctrinal Transformation

Analysts have argued that the outcome of military land battles is determined by force employment, rather than technology or preponderance. The affect of technology can be mitigated by concealment and agility. The al-Qaeda were not particularly vulnerable to stand-off attacks.These lessons should be factored doctrinally. Belting out written doctrines on jointness has no meaning unless we have Joint communications, Joint C2, Joint surveillance, joint targeting and Joint logistics.

Conclusion

Given the uncertain post COVID-19 geo-political situation, and the likelihood of continued hubristic and assertive behaviour of China in the foreseeable future, tensions along the LAC can easily escalate into a crisis, and a limited conflict.  A conflict which will see attempts to cause destruction from a stand-off distance and win with minimum “force on force” combat, by targeting the cognitive domain, aligned with the tenets of MDO and 4IR led RMA. Joint MDO is the only viable strategy. Since the Armed Forces have lagged behind in Jointness despite having  experimented for over two decades, we need to herald true transformation with clear eyed priorities of Joint C4I2SR, Joint targeting, Joint logistics, bolstered by 4IR technologies. In the resource constrained post COVID-19 environment, we need to have clear priorities and timelines. To transform, insular service cultures need to become conjoint.

Disclaimer:  Views expressed are of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of CENJOWS.