Abstract
India’s borders have traditionally been managed through physical infrastructure, deployment of border guarding forces, surveillance, intelligence and diplomatic engagement. However, the nature of threats along these borders is changing. Infiltration, smuggling and territorial incursions continue to remain concerns, but the growing use of drones, autonomous systems, cyber capabilities and information operations has added new dimensions to border security.
India has a land boundary of approximately 15,106.7 km with seven neighbouring countries: Bangladesh, Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and Afghanistan. Each border presents its own set of challenges. While some stretches pass through densely populated areas, rivers and plains, others extend across deserts, dense forests and high-altitude mountainous terrain, including disputed areas.
