Abstract
The underwater domain has evolved from a tactical arena for sea denial into a strategic theatre for deterrence and Grey Zone warfare. This article is an attempt to contextualise the historical trajectory of submersibles. It also analyses the Indian Navy’s strategic transition towards sea control via its developing nuclear triad. It critically scrutinises the capabilities of the Arihant class SSBNs and Kalvari class against inherent environmental and acoustic challenges. Significant emphasis is placed on technological asymmetries vis-à-vis adversaries, particularly the absence of Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) and operational nuclear-powered attack submarines (SSNs). Furthermore, the study examines indigenous design constraints, such as the hydrodynamic Turtleback penalty and reactor power density limitations. It concludes by advocating for the acceleration of Project 75(I) and the establishment of a Seabed Warfare command to secure future maritime dominance.
